Abstract
Background and Objectives Mutations in the ganglioside-induced differentiation-associated protein 1 (GDAP1) gene cause autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive forms of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT). Our aim was to study the clinical phenotype of patients with CMT caused by heterozygous p.His123Arg in GDAP1.
Methods Twenty-three Finnish patients were recruited from a population-based cohort and through family investigation. Each patient was examined clinically and electrophysiologically. The Neuropathy Symptom Score and the Neuropathy Disability Score (NDS) were used in clinical evaluation.
Results The median age at onset of symptoms was 17 years among patients with p.His123Arg in GDAP1. Motor symptoms were markedly more common than sensory symptoms at onset. All patients had distal weakness in lower extremities, and 17 (74%) patients had proximal weakness. Muscle atrophy and pes cavus were also common. Nineteen (82%) patients had sensory symptoms such as numbness or pain. The disease progressed with age, and the NDS increased 8.5 points per decade. Electrodiagnostic testing revealed length-dependent, sensory and motor axonal polyneuropathy. EDx findings were asymmetrical in 14 patients. Genealogic study of the families suggested a founder effect.
Discussion We found that CMT in patients with p.His123Arg in GDAP1 is relatively mild and slow in progression.
Glossary
- CCV=
- compound conduction velocity;
- CMT=
- Charcot-Marie-Tooth;
- CTS=
- carpal tunnel syndrome;
- GDAP1=
- ganglioside-induced differentiation-associated protein 1;
- mRS=
- modified Rankin Scale;
- NCS=
- nerve conduction study;
- NDS=
- Neuropathy Disability Score;
- SCV=
- sensory conduction velocity
More than 100 genes have been reported to harbor mutations that cause Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease.1 Mutations in the gene encoding ganglioside-induced differentiation-associated protein 1 (GDAP1) are associated with autosomal recessive or autosomal dominant CMT.2,3 Recessive mutations in GDAP1 cause a severe early-onset phenotype, and many patients become nonambulatory before age 20 years.4,5 Dominant mutations cause a mild late-onset phenotype with slow progression and wide heterogeneity.3,6 Muscle weakness is the main symptom regardless whether the disease is mild late onset or severe early onset.5
GDAP1 is an integral membrane protein of the outer mitochondrial membrane,2 and it is expressed mainly in axons but also in Schwann cells.7 Mutations in the GDAP1 gene affect mitochondrial dynamics and distribution within the axon and lead to a general disruption of the mitochondrial network.8,9 Failure in calcium homeostasis, reduced production of ATP, and increased oxidative stress have been suggested to be the pathologic mechanisms in GDAP1-associated CMT.10
Our previous epidemiologic survey has enabled the identification of 31 patients with the p.His123Arg mutation in GDAP1, suggesting that this mutation in GDAP1 is a common cause of CMT in Finland.11 Here, we have examined 23 patients with p. His123Arg in GDAP1 to analyze the clinical phenotype and detailed electrophysiologic findings.
Methods
Patients
Subjects with heterozygous p.His123Arg in GDAP1 (N = 28) were identified in a population-based survey of patients with undefined polyneuropathy in the population of Northern Ostrobothnia, Finland.11 Twenty patients consented, and 3 relatives were included.
Clinical Evaluation
Each patient was examined clinically, and all of them participated in electrodiagnostic (EDx) testing. The Neuropathy Symptom Score (NSS) and the Neuropathy Disability Score (NDS)12,13 were estimated as a part of the clinical evaluation. The NSS is abstracted from neurologic history, as the symptoms of neuropathy are scored present or absent. The scale is 0–17, and scores ≥1 were considered abnormal. The NDS is a detailed neurologic examination of deficits (scale 0–280, scores ≥6 are considered abnormal). Family history study covering first-degree relatives was conducted. The clinical severity was staged by using the modified Rankin Scale (mRS)14,15 and Staging Severity of Neuropathy,14 but quantitative sensory and autonomic examinations were not used.16 For a diagnosis of polyneuropathy, it was required that 2 or more abnormalities should be found in EDx examination, NDS, or NSS. The patient was classified as having no neuropathy, when the minimal criteria for neuropathy were not fulfilled, asymptomatic neuropathy when there were at least 2 abnormalities in EDx testing or NDS, but the NSS was 0, symptomatic neuropathy if symptoms were also present (NSS ≥1), and disabling neuropathy when the patient was unable to walk without assistance.13 The pedigrees of the patients with the p.His123Arg mutation in GDAP1 were constructed including 17 complete sibships and ancestors born in the 19th century. Data from population registry were used to compile the pedigrees.
Electrodiagnostic Testing
Standardized sensory, motor, and compound nerve conduction studies (NCSs) with fixed electrode distances were performed on 23 patients using a Dantec Keypoint Focus workstation (Alpine Biomed Aps, Skovlunde, Denmark). Skin temperature was kept above 30°C for upper and 28°C for lower extremities. Settings for measurements and placements of cursors for the parameters were checked manually.17 Bilateral sural and medial plantar sensory NCSs were performed with 10 cm fixed distance for sural and 14 cm for medial plantar sensory conduction velocity (SCV). Right median and ulnar nerve antidromic SCV was measured from the index and little fingers, and compound NCSs were measured by palmar stimulation with 8 cm fixed distances for compound conduction velocities (CCVs) in both nerves. Antebrachial median nerve CCV was also measured by stimulating the nerve at the wrist and recording at the antecubital fossa. Bilateral peroneal and tibial motor NCSs were performed including measurements of F waves and H reflexes for the tibial nerve. Values were adjusted for age, height, and temperature with multiple regression, and compared with our reference material, parameters exceeding 2.5 SD of the mean were considered abnormal. Compound muscle action potential of peroneal and tibial nerves and sensory nerve action potential of sural nerves were used to estimate asymmetry. The ratio of the lower amplitude to the higher amplitude was calculated, and the reported cutoff values based on 95th percentiles were used to define asymmetry.18 The cutoff was 0.16 for peroneal nerve, 0.37 for tibial nerve, and 0.39 for sural nerve. Asymmetry was diagnosed also, if action potentials were found on one side but not on the other side. Clinical asymmetry was defined on the basis of difference in muscle strength at the discretion of an experienced neurologist.
Standard Protocol Approvals, Registrations, and Patient Consents
The study protocol has been approved by the ethics committee of the Oulu University Hospital. All participants gave written informed consent.
Data Availability
The data that support the findings of this study are available on reasonable request.
Results
Patient Demography
We identified 31 patients with the p.His123Arg mutation in GDAP1 giving a frequency of 10/100,000 in the adult population of the province of Northern Ostrobothnia. Twenty-three patients from 8 families (1–7 patients per family) participated in clinical neurologic evaluation and EDx examination of peripheral nerves (Table 1 and eTable 1, links.lww.com/NXG/A476). All the patients fulfilled the EDx criteria of polyneuropathy, and each family complied with autosomal dominant mode of inheritance. Factors contributing to polyneuropathy were reviewed, and 1 patient was found with a previous diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. The median age at the onset of symptoms was 17 years (range, 5–73 years), and the median age at diagnosis was 40 years (range, 6–79 years). The median duration of polyneuropathy was 24 years (range, 1–75 years).
Clinical Features
One patient had asymptomatic neuropathy according to the Staging Severity of Neuropathy classification, whereas neuropathy was symptomatic in 16 patients and disabling in 6 patients (Table 1). The first symptoms had been motor weakness in the lower limbs of 18 patients, whereas 5 patients had had sensory symptoms at the onset. Muscle atrophy in the lower legs and pes cavus were frequent signs, as 3 patients had pes cavus, 3 had muscle atrophy, and 15 patients had both. Fourteen patients had abnormal gait that was most commonly caused by foot drop (9 patients, 39%) or extensive muscle weakness in the legs. The 6 patients with disabling neuropathy used a walking aid. Fourteen patients reported muscle cramps. None of the patients had vocal cord palsy. Muscle weakness and decreased ankle tendon reflexes were found in all the 23 patients (Table 2). The mean NSS was 4.8 (range, 0–10). Sensory symptoms, such as prickling or sensory loss, were present in 19 patients. The mean NDS was 73.3 (range, 10–135), and the mean mRS score was 2.1 (range, 0–4). Multiple regression analysis with NDS as the dependent variable revealed that age at onset and current age, but not sex, were predictors. The correlation between the age at examination and NDS was weak (R2 = 0.268), but suggested an increase of 8.5 points per decade. The mean mRS score was 1.5 among the 12 patients younger than 54 (median) years, whereas it was 2.8 among those older than 54 years.
Demography of Patients With p.His123Arg in GDAP1 According to the Severity of the Disease
Clinical Characteristics of the Patients With p. His123Arg in GDAP1
Electrodiagnostic Testing
EDx testing revealed sensory and motor axonal polyneuropathy in all patients (eTable 1, links.lww.com/NXG/A476). The EDx findings were asymmetrical in 14 patients including asymmetrical tibial motor response or asymmetrical peroneal motor response in 13 patients and asymmetrical sural sensory response in 1 patient. At clinical examination, the weakness of the lower extremities was asymmetrical in 11 patients (48%). Clinical asymmetry or EDx asymmetry was found in 17 patients giving a concordance rate of 61%. H reflex was absent in the lower extremities of 21 patients (93%). There was no electrophysiologic evidence supporting segmental demyelination in the motor responses. EDx testing revealed median nerve peripheral neuropathy suggesting subclinical carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) in 4 patients (17%). Common causes of CTS were ruled out by laboratory tests.
Pedigrees
The 23 patients were from 8 pedigrees. The patients reported family history so that 17 complete sibships in 1–4 generations could be identified including 87 members, 27 of whom were with polyneuropathy, and 22 participated in our clinical study. Cumulative incidence of polyneuropathy in the sibships was 48.4% at age 75 years. The percentage is compatible with autosomal dominant inheritance and suggests full penetrance (Figure 1). In the 8 pedigrees, we were able to identify 35 ancestors who preceded the patient by 2 to 4 generations, their median year of birth being 1855 (range 1837–1882). Of interest, 31 of the 35 ancestors had been born in 2 clusters of municipalities, 1 in the north east of the province and 1 in the west coast (Figure 2).
Subjects were censored at current age or at death.
The province of Northern Ostrobothnia is the shaded area.
Discussion
We found that CMT associated with p.His123Arg in GDAP1 had onset at young adulthood, but the onset varied markedly so that the proportion of affected subjects increased almost in a linear fashion between ages 5 and 73 years. The onset of the disease was frequently characterized by motor symptoms, but the patients eventually developed sensory and motor axonal polyneuropathy. Of interest, EDx testing revealed a remarkable number of asymmetrical findings. Disease progression was relatively slow, as the mean mRS score was 1.5 among patients younger than the median, whereas it was 2.8 among those older than the median. The frequency of the mutation was 9/100,000 in the adult population of Northern Ostrobothnia, and a founder effect was observed.
Muscle weakness was predominantly distal, but we found 17 patients (74%) with proximal muscle weakness in the lower extremities. Weakness of proximal leg muscles has been reported in 13% of patients with CMT2,19 which frequency is significantly lower than that in our patients (p < 0.0002 for difference). Muscle cramps have been described to be a common symptom in patients with CMT 20,21 and in patients with GDAP1 mutations.22 We found that the frequency of muscle cramps (14 patients, 61%) was similar to that in 225 patients with polyneuropathy.23 NDSs suggested that the neuropathy was slowly progressive, but severe disability was rare, and all our patients with p.His123Arg in GDAP1 remained ambulatory. In a similar fashion, previous studies have shown that various dominant mutations in GDAP1 lead to a rather mild axonal polyneuropathy.3,4,24,25 EDx testing revealed a remarkable number of asymmetrical findings, as 70% of the patients showed asymmetry, and furthermore, muscle weakness was asymmetrical in 11 patients (48%) including 5 patients with asymmetrical sensation. CMT2 phenotype is considered symmetrical, although 10% of patients with CMT2 have been reported with asymmetrical muscle weakness in the legs.19 Our findings and previous data26 suggest that most patients with p.His123Arg present with asymmetrical features.
The p.His123Arg mutation in GDAP1 is the most common etiology of CMT in northern Finland with a prevalence of 9/100 000.11 It is higher than that of the PMP22 duplication in this population, which is 4.8/100,000.11 In case series, the frequency of any GDAP1 mutation has varied from 0.7%27,28 to 11.1%,4 whereas we have reported previously that the frequency of p.His123Arg in GDAP1 is 31.5% in our cohort of patients with CMT.11 Such a high frequency suggests a founder effect. Indeed, we found that the founders in each family were from 1 of 3 municipalities in Northern Ostrobothnia, and moreover, 1 inland municipality seemed to be the founder location (Figure 2). The most distant ancestor who harbored the mutation on genealogic basis was born in the beginning of the 19th century. The second location was on the coast, but the genealogic relationship between the families in these 2 locations could not be determined. Some diseases belonging to the Finnish disease heritage show clustering of cases within the country.29 Polyneuropathy caused by the p.His123Arg mutation in GDAP1 may be similar, but there are no studies covering the entire population. Such clustering of diseases is partly due to the founder effect and partly to the Finnish population's isolation. Recent population genetic studies have revealed several geographical clusters in the population that are related to the settlement history.30 Indeed, Northern Ostrobothnia is 1 of the clusters.
We presented detailed clinical and electrophysiologic data of 23 patients with p.His123Arg in GDAP1. It seems that asymmetry of symptoms and remarkable proximal muscle weakness of the lower extremities could be defining features in patients with p.His123Arg in GDAP1. This mutation may be the most common single mutation in patients with polyneuropathy in Finland, and indeed, we encountered a cluster of the mutation within the country.
Study Funding
Grants from the Finnish Brain Foundation, Finnish Medical Foundation, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu, and Oulu University Hospital.
Disclosure
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. Go to Neurology.org/NG for full disclosures.
Appendix Authors
Footnotes
Go to Neurology.org/NG for full disclosures. Funding information is provided at the end of the article.
The Article Processing Charge was funded by the authors.
- Received May 12, 2021.
- Revision received July 22, 2021.
- Accepted in final form August 11, 2021.
- Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the American Academy of Neurology.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License 4.0 (CC BY-NC-ND), which permits downloading and sharing the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially without permission from the journal.
References
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