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October 2020; 6 (5) ArticleOpen Access

Genetic risk scores and hallucinations in patients with Parkinson disease

Cynthia D.J. Kusters, Kimberly C. Paul, Aline Duarte Folle, Adrienne M. Keener, Jeff M. Bronstein, Valerija Dobricic, Ole-Bjørn Tysnes, Lars Bertram, Guido Alves, Janet S. Sinsheimer, Christina M. Lill, Jodi Maple-Grødem, Beate R. Ritz
First published July 20, 2020, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1212/NXG.0000000000000492
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Article Information

vol. 6 no. 5 e492
DOI: 
https://doi.org/10.1212/NXG.0000000000000492
Published By: 
Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the American Academy of Neurology
Online ISSN: 
2376-7839
History: 
  • Received April 6, 2020
  • Accepted in final form May 26, 2020
  • First Published July 20, 2020.
Copyright & Usage: 
Copyright © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the American Academy of Neurology. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License 4.0 (CC BY-NC-ND), which permits downloading and sharing the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially without permission from the journal.

Author Disclosures

    1. Cynthia D.J. Kusters, MD, PhD,
    2. Kimberly C. Paul, MPH, PhD,
    3. Aline Duarte Folle, MS,
    4. Adrienne M. Keener, MD,
    5. Jeff M. Bronstein, MD, PhD,
    6. Valerija Dobricic, PhD,
    7. Ole-Bjørn Tysnes, MD,
    8. Lars Bertram, MD, PhD,
    9. Guido Alves, MD, PhD,
    10. Janet S. Sinsheimer, PhD,
    11. Christina M. Lill, MD, MSc,
    12. Jodi Maple-Grødem, PhD and
    13. Beate R. Ritz, MD, PhD
  1. Cynthia D.J. Kusters, MD, PhD,
    2. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. (1) NIH, T32HG002536, trainee for the Training Grant in Genomic Analysis and Interpretation, 2016-2018(2) NIH, F32AG063442, postdoctoral fellow, 2019-2020

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. (1) Burrough Wellcome Fund Fellowship

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  2. Kimberly C. Paul, MPH, PhD,
    3. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. (1) NIEHS, R01-ES010544, Post Doc Employee, 2016 (2) NIEHS, F32-ES028087, PI, 2017-2019

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  3. Aline Duarte Folle, MS,
    4. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  4. Adrienne M. Keener, MD,
    5. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. American Parkinson Disease Association Pilot Project (December 1, 2016 - August 30, 2017)

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  5. Jeff M. Bronstein, MD, PhD,
    6. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. Neurology International, Associate editor, 2011-present

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. Clinical trials with US WorldMeds, LLC, Global Kinetics, and Wilson's Therapeutics.

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. 1) NIEHS, 2R01-ES010544, Co-I, 02/01/11-01/31/15 2) NIEHS, PI, 5R21ES16446-2, 3/6/09-2/28/11 3) NINDS, Co, 5P50NS038367-07, 5/1/06-4/30/12 4) NIEHS, Project PI, 1P01ES016732-08/10/2008-6/2013 5) Veterans Administration Healthcare System Center, PI, no number, 5/2001-ongoing

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. Levine Foundation

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  6. Valerija Dobricic, PhD,
    7. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  7. Ole-Bjørn Tysnes, MD,
    8. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. Given lectures for several pharmaceutical companies

    Editorial Boards:

    1. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. More than 10 years

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  8. Lars Bertram, MD, PhD,
    9. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. Neurogenetics, Associate Editor, since 2007 European Journal of Clinical Investigation, Associate Editor, since 2009 International Journal of Molecular Epidemiology and Genetics, Associate Editor, since 2010 International Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, Guest editor, 2010-2011 Human Mutation, Communicating Editor, since 2012

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  9. Guido Alves, MD, PhD,
    10. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:

    1. (1) Abbvie, speaker honoraria

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. (1) Norwegian Research Council, grant# 287842, Principal investigator, 2019-2022

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. (1) University of Stavanger

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. (1) Norwegian Parkinson Research Foundation (2) Reberg's Legacy

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  10. Janet S. Sinsheimer, PhD,
    11. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. data safety monitoring board non-profit: The Lundquist Institute, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center IRB Study 20399-01 IND 104,354 An Extension Study of Intrathecal Enzyme Replacement for Cognitive Decline in Mucopolysaccharidosis I Agnes Chen, MD Principal Investigator

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:

    1. Wellcome Genome Campus Advanced Courses Funding for air travel and honoraria of ∼$1500 US

    Editorial Boards:

    1. Annals of Applied Statistics Associate Editor 2011 to Current

    Patents:

    1. 1. Method to estimate age of individual based on epigenetic markers in biological sample E. Vilain, S. Bocklandt, S. Horvath, J. Sinsheimer US Patent App. 14/119,145 Statistical approach to methylation data analysi 2. Genetic variants associate with human-directed hyper-social behavior in domestic dogs B. vonHoldt, M. Udell, J. Sinsheimer US Patent 17-3362-1 (in process) Genotyping of a specific region of dog genome

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. Ongoing Research NIH/NIMH R21 MH115825 (PI: A. Levine) 9/1/18-6/20/20 Project Title: Bardoxolone: A Novel Treatment for HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders Role: Co-Investigator The major goal of this project is to further characterize the safety and efficacy of Bardoxolone for treating and/or preventing HAND. No Relationship to the current study NIH/NHGRI U01 HG007703 (PIs: S. Nelson, C. Palmer, J. Martinez) 7/01/14 – 6/30/22 Project Title: UCLA Site for the investigation of undiagnosed disorders Role: Co-Investigator The Major Goals of this Project are: To understand how genomic data can contribute to diagnosis of rare/undiscovered disease. No Relationship to the current study NIH/NHGRI HG009120 (PI: B. Pasaniuc) 3/01/17-2/28/22 Project Title: Integrative Approaches for mapping the Genetic Risk of Complex Traits Role: Co-Investigator The goal of this project is to develop new statistical approaches using summary statistics from genomic studies to map genes for complex traits. No Relationship to the current study Recently Completed NIH/NHLBI HL095056 (PI: P. Pajukanta) 3/01/17-2/28/19 Project Title: Genomics of Dyslipemia in Mexicans Role: Co-Investigator The major goal of this project is to understand the genetic and epigenetic determinants of dyslipidemia in Mexicans, whose susceptibility is significantly higher than other ethnic groups in the US. No Relationship to the current study NIH/NHLBI P01 HL028481 (PI: A. J. Lusis) 7/1/15– 6/30/19 Project Title: Molecular Genetic Approaches in Atherosclerosis Research Role: Co-Investigator (Statistical Core) The Major Goals of this Project are: To determine the genes involved in common atherosclerotic diseases. No Relationship to the current study NIH/NIGMS R01 GM053275 (PI: K. Lange) 4/1/16 – 3/31/20 Project Title: Statistical Methods for Gene Mapping Role: Co-Investigator The major goal of this project is to address some of the computational issues arising in human gene mapping. No Relationship to the current study NIH/NIEHS ES023451 (PI: B. Ritz) 5/01/15-4/30/20 Project Title: Environment and Cognitive Decline in Older Hispanics Role: Co-Investigator The major goal of the proposed research is to investigate whether long-term exposure to air pollution and pesticides, contribute to cognitive decline and dementia in elderly Mexican Americans. No Relationship to the current study

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  11. Christina M. Lill, MD, MSc,
    12. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. Gene, Frontiers Neurol

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. (1) intramural funding of the University of Lübeck

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. (1) German Research Foundation (DFG; LI 2654/2-1) (2) Possehl Foundation (3) Renate Maaß Foundation (4) Michael J Fox Foundation

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  12. Jodi Maple-Grødem, PhD and
    13. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. (1) The Norwegian Parkinson's Association(2) The National Association for Public Health (#14846)

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  13. Beate R. Ritz, MD, PhD
    14. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. Scientific Advisory Board Member for the State of California Air Toxics Board

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. Consultant for a study conducted at the University of Southern California with funding from the Komen Foundation

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NIEHS R21ES022391 PI 2012-15 NIEHS R21ES022734 Co-I 07/01/13 - 06/30/15 NIEHS R21ES022389 Co-I 01/01/14 - 12/31/15 NIEHS R21ES019986 PI 2012- 2015 NIEHS R01ES010544 PI 2011-2016 NIEHS R03ES021643 Co-I 04/01/12-03/31/15 NCI R21CA175959 Co-I 04/01/14-03/31/16 NIA R01AG042511 Co-I 2013-16 NIEHS R21ES024356 PI 2014-2016 NIEHS R21ES024006 (mPI)2015-17 NIEHS R21ES25573 (PI: Ritz) 2015-17 NIEHS R21ES030175 (PI: Ritz) 2019-2020 NNH12ZDA006O-EVI3 (PI: Ritz) NASA 2016-2025 Cal Air Resources Board CARB (Co-I) 2019-2021 NIA 1U01AG060908 Co-I 2018-23 DoD (Co-I) 2019-21

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. Foundation for Psychocultural research (TheFPR.org) funds students and postdocs at UCLA APDA grant for the UCLA center for excellency in PD research MJFox Foundation

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. expert testimony, acted as a witness or consultant for plaintiffs in legal suits for pesticide exposure and cancer and pesticide exposure and Parkinson's disease

  1. From the Department of Epidemiology (C.D.J.K., K.C.P., A.D.F., B.R.R.), UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Human Genetics (C.D.J.K., J.S.S.), David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (A.M.K., J.M.B., B.R.R.), David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA; Parkinson's Disease Research (A.M.K.), Education, and Clinical Center, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA; Brain Research Institute (J.M.B.), University of California, Los Angeles, CA; Lübeck Interdisciplinary Platform for Genome Analytics (V.D., L.B.), Institutes of Neurogenetics & Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (O.-B.T.), Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway and University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Clinical Medicine (O.-B.T.), University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Psychology (L.B.), Centre for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; The Norwegian Center for Movement Disorders (G.A., J.M.-G.), Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway; Department of Chemistry (G.A., J.M.-G.), Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway; Department of Biostatistics (J.S.S.), UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Computational Medicine (J.S.S.), David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA; Section for Translational Surgical Oncology and Biobanking (C.M.L.), Department of Surgery, University of Lübeck and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck; Ageing Epidemiology Research Unit (C.M.L.), School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom; and Department of Environmental Health (B.R.R.), UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA.
  1. Correspondence
    Dr. Kusters ckusters{at}ucla.edu
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