Collagen type IV alpha 1 (COL4A1) is a major basement membrane component. Haploinsufficiency mutations in COL4A1 interrupt the basement membrane integrity, causing hemorrhagic stroke.1 Recently, mutations causing overproduction of COL4A1 mRNA have been identified in patients with cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD), including in members of families with pontine autosomal dominant microangiopathy with leukoencephalopathy2 and multi-infarct dementia of Swedish type.3 These mutations are located in the 3′ untranslated region (UTR) of COL4A1 and disrupt the binding of miR-29 to the 3′UTR of COL4A1.2 Both diseases are characterized by leukoencephalopathy, multiple microbleeds (MBs), and multiple lacunar infarctions (LIs) with pontine involvements.2,–,4 However, among these patients, only case of hemorrhagic stroke was reported.5 Thus, it is unclear whether these mutations, which increase the amount of normal COL4A1, cause hemorrhagic stroke. Here, we report a patient with hemorrhagic stroke with a novel mutation in the 3′UTR of COL4A1.
Case report
The patient in this case report had no vascular risk factors, such as hypertension, diabetes, and smoking. Detailed family history was unavailable because his parents died in his childhood. He developed a hemorrhagic stroke at age 30 years. Although detailed information on the episode was unavailable, he had no deficits except for cognitive impairment. However, he had progressive gait disturbance and cognitive impairment. At age 42 years, he was admitted to another hospital, following which, he moved to our hospital at age 44 years. On admission, his blood pressure was 114/74 mm Hg, and laboratory examination showed no renal dysfunction (serum Cr, 0.42 mg/dL). Neurologic examination revealed adiadochokinesis and spasticity in both the lower limbs; he was unable to stand up without support. The Mini-Mental State Examination score in Japanese was 11 of 30. Gastrostomy was performed due to progressive dysphagia at age 46 years. At age 54 years, brain MRI using the 3 T system showed severe white matter lesions and multiple LIs with pontine involvement. Multiple MBs were found in the subcortical regions, deep structures, brainstem, and cerebellum. In addition, superficial cortical siderosis at the right temporal lobe and hemorrhagic changes at the splenium of the left corpus callosum were observed (figure, A). He died at age 56 years because of pneumonia. An autopsy was not performed.
(A) Brain MRIs using the 3 T system (Skyra, Siemens, Germany) at age 54 years. Upper panel: T2-weighted images of brain MRI show severe white matter lesions (WMLs) and multiple lacunar infarctions including the pons. In addition, severe diffuse brain atrophy is also observed. WMLs are not found in the anterior temporal lobe. Lower panel: T2*-weighted images (T2*WI) of brain MRI show multiple microbleeds. In addition, superficial cortical siderosis in the right parietal lobe and hemorrhagic findings in the left splenium of the corpus callosum are seen. (B) Sequence analysis of COL4A1 shows a heterozygous mutation of c.*33T>A in the 3′ untranslated region (UTR) (arrow). The redline indicates the seed sequence of miR-29. (C) The amplicons with WT, c*33T>A or c*32G>T of COL4A1 3′UTR were subcloned into psiCHECK-2 Dual-Luciferase Reporter plasmid (Promega, Madison, WI; Cat. #C8021). WT was used as a negative control of disruption of the miR-29 binding to the seed sequence, and c*32G>T was used as a positive control. These plasmids were cotransfected into the HEK293T cells with 10 pmol of either miRIDIAN hsa-miR-29b-3p or Mimic Negative Control #1 (Dharmacon, Lafayette, CO; Cat. # C-300521-05-0005 and Cat. # CN-001000-01-05, respectively), using Dharma FECT Duo (Dharmacon, Cat. # T-2010-01). After 48 hours of incubation, Renilla/Firefly luciferase activities in the lysed cells were measured using the Dual-Luciferase Reporter Assay System (Promega, Cat. #E1910) in a FilterMax F5 Multi-Mode Microplate Reader (Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, CA). Renilla/Firefly luciferase activities were measured twice. Renilla luciferase activity was normalized to the background Firefly luciferase activity produced from the same psiCHECK-2 vector for each condition. Statistical analysis was performed using RStudio (version 1.0.153). Each group was compared by a 2-sided Welch test. The graph shows the ratio of normalized Renilla/Firefly luciferase activities of each construct. In WT, the normalized Renilla/Firefly luciferase activity was significantly decreased in miR-29b than in the mimic negative control. In c*33T>A, the normalized Renilla/Firefly luciferase activity did not decrease in miR-29b. *p < 0.001. I bars indicate SD. COL4A1 = collagen type IV alpha 1; WT = wild type.
This study was approved by the ethical board of Niigata University. We extracted genomic DNA from the blood sample. Sequence analysis of exons 2–24 in NOTCH3 and exons 1–9 in high-temperature requirement A serine peptidase 1 was negative for pathogenic mutations.
Whole-exome sequencing was performed by Macrogen (South Korea). After excluding the intronic, synonymous variants or variants with more than 1% of allele frequency in the database of 1000 Genome phase 3, we investigated the causative genes of CSVD.6 Furthermore, we removed the nonpathogenic mutations as referenced by the database of ExAC (exac.broadinstitute.org) and ClinVar (ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/). A novel mutation in the 3′UTR of COL4A1 (c.*33T>A) was identified and confirmed by the Sanger method (figure, B). This mutation is located within the binding region of miR-29 as identified from the TargetScan database (targetscan.org/vert_72/). Dual-Luciferase reporter assay was performed to investigate whether this mutation disrupts the binding of miR-29 to the 3′UTR of COL4A1 as described previously.2 Normalized Renilla/Firefly luciferase activities were significantly higher in c.33*T>A than in WT (figure, C), indicating that c.33*T>A disrupts the miR-29 binding to the 3′UTR of COL4A1.
Discussion
Herein, we report a patient with a novel mutation in 3′UTR of COL4A1. The mutation increased the amount of COL4A1 mRNA, as the previously reported mutations in 3′UTR. Our case resembles multi-infarct dementia of Swedish type with respect to several clinical features, such as multiple LIs and MBs, cortical atrophy, and absence of anterior temporal lesions.3 Cortical atrophy, which is frequently observed in advanced cases with hereditary CSVD, might be caused by secondary degeneration of the cerebral cortex.7 However, some clinical features were different from those of previous reports, such as longer disease duration or absence of ischemic stroke. The most characteristic finding in this patient is a hemorrhagic lesion in the splenium of the corpus callosum. In families with multi-infarct dementia of Swedish type, 1 patient had a hemorrhagic stroke in the thalamus and lentiform nucleus during anticoagulation treatment, which is a typical lesion. In our patient, the atypical hemorrhagic lesions in the absence of risk factors stressed the association between hemorrhagic CSVD and the mutation. Our case also suggests that the increased expression of COL4A1 may sufficiently interrupt the integrity of the basement membrane causing hemorrhagic stroke.
Study funding
The study was funded by a grant-in-aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas (Brain Protein Aging and Dementia Control; 26117006) from MEXT; a grant-in-aid for Practical Research Project for Rare/Intractable Diseases (17928469) from AMED; a grant-in-aid for Scientific Research (A) (16804840); a grant-in-aid for Medical Research from the Takeda Science Foundation; and a grant-in-aid for Research on Intractable Disease from the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare, Japan.
Disclosure
Disclosures available: Go to Neurology.org/NG for full disclosures.
Appendix Authors
Footnotes
↵* These authors contributed equally to the manuscript.
Go to Neurology.org/NG for full disclosures. Funding information is provided at the end of the article.
The Article Processing Charge was funded by the authors.
- Received April 19, 2019.
- Accepted in final form October 18, 2019.
- Copyright © 2019 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the American Academy of Neurology.
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