Neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis (NCL) is a heterogeneous and rare lysosomal storage disorder characterized by the accumulation of autofluorescent materials—ceroid and lipofuscin—in the cytoplasm.1 It is manifested as a progressive destruction of neuronal cells resulting in brain atrophy, loss of vision, and other neurodegenerative phenotypes.1 Over 446 mutations in different genes have been cataloged in the NCL mutation database (ucl.ac.uk/ncl/mutation). The overlapping phenotypes and involvement of multiple genes indicate the difficulty in the accurate diagnosis of NCLs.2 The genetic characterization using whole exome sequencing approach can accurately diagnose NCLs.3,4 We report a phenotypically inconclusive case of a rare occurrence of NCL in siblings and identified a mutation in CTSD using whole exome sequencing.
Case report
This study has been approved by institutional ethical committee (IHECC proposal No. 8), and written informed consent was obtained from all participants. Two of 3 siblings, born to a third-degree consanguineous marriage (figure, A) were apparently normal at birth and during the immediate perinatal period. They attained normal developmental milestones until the age of 3 years. A regression in the milestone was noted after 3 years of age, which progressed to complete blindness in 3–4 years. The motor system involvement started as incoordination of the upper limb, later progressed with age to dysarthria, prosopagnosia, ataxia with tremor, and weakness of limbs. By the age of 7, both the siblings were incapacitated and bedridden. There was no history of seizures. The third sibling, the eldest among the 3, was apparently normal and had attained regular milestones of development.
(A) Pedigree of the family. Affected individuals are shaded in black. (B) T2 gradient recalled echo images showing a large midline cyst (highlighted with arrows) in the inferior part of posterior fossa communicating with the cisterna magna posteroinferiorly and the fourth ventricle anteriorly for both the children, respectively. (C) Chromatogram depicting the capillary sequencing result of CTSD c.A392G in the family, and the mutation position is highlighted with asterisks (red for affected individuals). (D) The domain structure of CTSD protein marked with the identified mutation (p.Y131C). (E) Conservation of CTSD Y131 across other species. (F) TEM image of the skin biopsy showing vacuolating bodies of varying sizes largely localized around the nucleus. The vacuolating bodies are highlighted with red arrows.
Preliminary examination revealed spastic rigidity of all 4 limbs and bilateral extensor plantar responses. Ophthalmic examination showed pigmentary degeneration of retina with optic atrophy with a suggestive provisional diagnosis of retinitis pigmentosa. An MRI of the brain showed diffuse cerebral and cerebellar atrophy with optic nerve atrophy and white matter abnormalities. Gradient recalled echo-T2 weighted MRI images revealed symmetric hypointense signals in the region of substantia nigra. In addition, a large midline cyst was noted in the inferior part of posterior fossa communicating with the cisterna magna posteroinferiorly and the fourth ventricle anteriorly (figure, B). Both siblings had similar radiologic findings (figure, B). Echocardiogram showed concentric left ventricular hypertrophy, speckled appearance of myocardium, mild mitral regurgitation dynamic left ventricle outflow tract obstruction, high systolic anterior motion, and mild mitral regurgitation. The clinical and radiologic features suggested a provisional diagnosis of “neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation syndrome” with the unusual clinical manifestation, possibly an autosomal recessive inheritance.
Whole exome sequencing analysis identified a homozygous mutation c.A392G (p.Y131C) in CTSD to be the putative candidate, which was found to be cosegregated in parents in the heterozygous state using Sanger sequencing (figure, C).
Discussion
In the present study, we demonstrate the utility of whole exome sequencing in the accurate diagnosis of a rare and unusual neurodegenerative disorder in 2 siblings of a family from southern India. The mutation c.A392G introduces an amino acid change of p.Y131C in CTSD. The Y131 lies in the light chain of CTSD (figure, D). The CTSD chain (residues 64–412) contains crucial sites that are required for the catalytic activity of the enzyme.5 Furthermore, the Y131 residue in CTSD was found to be conserved across species (figure, E), suggesting the importance of this residue in CTSD activity. Homozygous pathogenic variations in CTSD were previously reported to cause the rare neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis type 10.6 The present variation was reported in the ExAC database as a single heterozygous case with an allele frequency of 0.0000083, whereas it was absent in the 1000 Genome, NHLBI Exome Sequencing Project, or internal exome database of unrelated individuals from India, suggesting the rarity of this variation. Although the majority of the clinical features corroborated with a provisional diagnosis of NCL, the absence of typical MRI findings and epileptic seizures demanded further clinical evaluation. Because lipofuscin deposits can be observed elsewhere in the body in patients with NCLs, we attempted to evaluate skin biopsies by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). TEM analysis revealed that the skin layers were structurally normal; however, vacuolated bodies of varying sizes similar to typical lipofuscin deposits were observed in all the skin layers especially localized around the nucleus (figure, F). Together, the genotype–phenotype correlation confirms the diagnosis of NCL type 10. Thus, genetic testing using whole exome sequencing has enabled the accurate and timely diagnosis in rare neurologic conditions such as NCL10.
Author contributions
Clinical and radiologic workup of the patient and collection of samples for genetic testing: J. Thottath, M. Manamel, and V.R. Rajendran. DNA isolation, preparation of exome enrichment and sequencing, analysis, and validation and interpretation: S.K. Vellarikkal, A. Verma, and R. Jayarajan. TEM experiments: A. Singh. Study concept and design and overseeing all the experiment and validation: S. Sivasubbu and V. Scaria. Writing of the manuscript: S.K. Vellarikkal, R. Jayarajan, J. Thottath, V.R. Rajendran, V. Scaria, and S. Sivasubbu.
Study funding
The authors acknowledge funding from the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), India, through Grant No. BSC0212. The funders did not have any role in study design; data collection, analysis, and interpretation; writing the report; and the decision to submit the report for publication.
Disclosure
J. Thottath, S.K. Vellarikkal, R. Jayarajan, A. Verma, M. Manamel, A. Singh, and V.R. Rajendran report no disclosures. S. Sivasubbu has received research support from the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), India. V. Scaria has served on the editorial boards of Journal of Translational Medicine, PLoS One, Frontiers in Systems Biology, Journal of Orthopaedics, International Journal of Rheumatic Diseases, and PeerJ and has received research support from the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), India. Disclosures available: Neurology.org/NG.
Acknowledgment
The authors acknowledge Ms. Rowmika Ravi for helping with manuscript preparation and the GUaRDIAN consortium for the scientific support. The authors also acknowledge Dr. Najeeba Riyaz for the skin biopsy and Dr. Riyaz Arakkal and Dr. Rajeevan for the clinical workup of the family.
Footnotes
Funding information and disclosures are provided at the end of the article. Full disclosure form information provided by the authors is available with the full text of this article at Neurology.org/NG.
↵* Contributed equally and would like to be known as joint first authors.
The Article Processing charge was funded by the authors.
- Received July 6, 2017.
- Accepted in final form April 5, 2018.
- Copyright © 2019 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the American Academy of Neurology.
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