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December 2018; 4 (6) ArticleOpen Access

Development of a rapid functional assay that predicts GLUT1 disease severity

Sasha M. Zaman, Saul A. Mullen, Slavé Petrovski, Snezana Maljevic, Elena V. Gazina, A. Marie Phillips, Gabriel Davis Jones, Michael S. Hildebrand, John Damiano, Stéphane Auvin, Holger Lerche, Yvonne G. Weber, Samuel F. Berkovic, Ingrid E. Scheffer, Christopher A. Reid, Steven Petrou
First published December 6, 2018, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1212/NXG.0000000000000297
Sasha M. Zaman
From the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (S.M.Z., S.A.M., S.M., E.V.G., A.M.P., G.D.J., I.E.S., C.A.R., S. Petrou.); Department of Medicine (RMH) University of Melbourne (S.M.Z., S. Petrovski, M.S.H., J.D., S. Petrou); Department of Medicine (Austin Health) (M.S.H., J.D., S.F.B., I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Heidelberg; Department of Neurology and Epileptology (H.L., Y.G.W.), Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; School of Biosciences (A.M.P.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; APHP (S.A.), Hôpital Robert Debré, Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique; Univ Paris Diderot (S.A.), Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM UMR1141, Paris, France; and Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Australia.
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Saul A. Mullen
From the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (S.M.Z., S.A.M., S.M., E.V.G., A.M.P., G.D.J., I.E.S., C.A.R., S. Petrou.); Department of Medicine (RMH) University of Melbourne (S.M.Z., S. Petrovski, M.S.H., J.D., S. Petrou); Department of Medicine (Austin Health) (M.S.H., J.D., S.F.B., I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Heidelberg; Department of Neurology and Epileptology (H.L., Y.G.W.), Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; School of Biosciences (A.M.P.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; APHP (S.A.), Hôpital Robert Debré, Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique; Univ Paris Diderot (S.A.), Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM UMR1141, Paris, France; and Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Australia.
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Slavé Petrovski
From the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (S.M.Z., S.A.M., S.M., E.V.G., A.M.P., G.D.J., I.E.S., C.A.R., S. Petrou.); Department of Medicine (RMH) University of Melbourne (S.M.Z., S. Petrovski, M.S.H., J.D., S. Petrou); Department of Medicine (Austin Health) (M.S.H., J.D., S.F.B., I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Heidelberg; Department of Neurology and Epileptology (H.L., Y.G.W.), Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; School of Biosciences (A.M.P.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; APHP (S.A.), Hôpital Robert Debré, Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique; Univ Paris Diderot (S.A.), Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM UMR1141, Paris, France; and Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Australia.
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Snezana Maljevic
From the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (S.M.Z., S.A.M., S.M., E.V.G., A.M.P., G.D.J., I.E.S., C.A.R., S. Petrou.); Department of Medicine (RMH) University of Melbourne (S.M.Z., S. Petrovski, M.S.H., J.D., S. Petrou); Department of Medicine (Austin Health) (M.S.H., J.D., S.F.B., I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Heidelberg; Department of Neurology and Epileptology (H.L., Y.G.W.), Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; School of Biosciences (A.M.P.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; APHP (S.A.), Hôpital Robert Debré, Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique; Univ Paris Diderot (S.A.), Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM UMR1141, Paris, France; and Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Australia.
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Elena V. Gazina
From the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (S.M.Z., S.A.M., S.M., E.V.G., A.M.P., G.D.J., I.E.S., C.A.R., S. Petrou.); Department of Medicine (RMH) University of Melbourne (S.M.Z., S. Petrovski, M.S.H., J.D., S. Petrou); Department of Medicine (Austin Health) (M.S.H., J.D., S.F.B., I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Heidelberg; Department of Neurology and Epileptology (H.L., Y.G.W.), Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; School of Biosciences (A.M.P.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; APHP (S.A.), Hôpital Robert Debré, Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique; Univ Paris Diderot (S.A.), Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM UMR1141, Paris, France; and Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Australia.
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A. Marie Phillips
From the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (S.M.Z., S.A.M., S.M., E.V.G., A.M.P., G.D.J., I.E.S., C.A.R., S. Petrou.); Department of Medicine (RMH) University of Melbourne (S.M.Z., S. Petrovski, M.S.H., J.D., S. Petrou); Department of Medicine (Austin Health) (M.S.H., J.D., S.F.B., I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Heidelberg; Department of Neurology and Epileptology (H.L., Y.G.W.), Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; School of Biosciences (A.M.P.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; APHP (S.A.), Hôpital Robert Debré, Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique; Univ Paris Diderot (S.A.), Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM UMR1141, Paris, France; and Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Australia.
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Gabriel Davis Jones
From the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (S.M.Z., S.A.M., S.M., E.V.G., A.M.P., G.D.J., I.E.S., C.A.R., S. Petrou.); Department of Medicine (RMH) University of Melbourne (S.M.Z., S. Petrovski, M.S.H., J.D., S. Petrou); Department of Medicine (Austin Health) (M.S.H., J.D., S.F.B., I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Heidelberg; Department of Neurology and Epileptology (H.L., Y.G.W.), Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; School of Biosciences (A.M.P.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; APHP (S.A.), Hôpital Robert Debré, Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique; Univ Paris Diderot (S.A.), Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM UMR1141, Paris, France; and Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Australia.
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Michael S. Hildebrand
From the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (S.M.Z., S.A.M., S.M., E.V.G., A.M.P., G.D.J., I.E.S., C.A.R., S. Petrou.); Department of Medicine (RMH) University of Melbourne (S.M.Z., S. Petrovski, M.S.H., J.D., S. Petrou); Department of Medicine (Austin Health) (M.S.H., J.D., S.F.B., I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Heidelberg; Department of Neurology and Epileptology (H.L., Y.G.W.), Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; School of Biosciences (A.M.P.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; APHP (S.A.), Hôpital Robert Debré, Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique; Univ Paris Diderot (S.A.), Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM UMR1141, Paris, France; and Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Australia.
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John Damiano
From the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (S.M.Z., S.A.M., S.M., E.V.G., A.M.P., G.D.J., I.E.S., C.A.R., S. Petrou.); Department of Medicine (RMH) University of Melbourne (S.M.Z., S. Petrovski, M.S.H., J.D., S. Petrou); Department of Medicine (Austin Health) (M.S.H., J.D., S.F.B., I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Heidelberg; Department of Neurology and Epileptology (H.L., Y.G.W.), Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; School of Biosciences (A.M.P.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; APHP (S.A.), Hôpital Robert Debré, Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique; Univ Paris Diderot (S.A.), Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM UMR1141, Paris, France; and Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Australia.
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Stéphane Auvin
From the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (S.M.Z., S.A.M., S.M., E.V.G., A.M.P., G.D.J., I.E.S., C.A.R., S. Petrou.); Department of Medicine (RMH) University of Melbourne (S.M.Z., S. Petrovski, M.S.H., J.D., S. Petrou); Department of Medicine (Austin Health) (M.S.H., J.D., S.F.B., I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Heidelberg; Department of Neurology and Epileptology (H.L., Y.G.W.), Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; School of Biosciences (A.M.P.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; APHP (S.A.), Hôpital Robert Debré, Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique; Univ Paris Diderot (S.A.), Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM UMR1141, Paris, France; and Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Australia.
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Holger Lerche
From the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (S.M.Z., S.A.M., S.M., E.V.G., A.M.P., G.D.J., I.E.S., C.A.R., S. Petrou.); Department of Medicine (RMH) University of Melbourne (S.M.Z., S. Petrovski, M.S.H., J.D., S. Petrou); Department of Medicine (Austin Health) (M.S.H., J.D., S.F.B., I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Heidelberg; Department of Neurology and Epileptology (H.L., Y.G.W.), Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; School of Biosciences (A.M.P.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; APHP (S.A.), Hôpital Robert Debré, Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique; Univ Paris Diderot (S.A.), Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM UMR1141, Paris, France; and Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Australia.
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Yvonne G. Weber
From the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (S.M.Z., S.A.M., S.M., E.V.G., A.M.P., G.D.J., I.E.S., C.A.R., S. Petrou.); Department of Medicine (RMH) University of Melbourne (S.M.Z., S. Petrovski, M.S.H., J.D., S. Petrou); Department of Medicine (Austin Health) (M.S.H., J.D., S.F.B., I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Heidelberg; Department of Neurology and Epileptology (H.L., Y.G.W.), Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; School of Biosciences (A.M.P.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; APHP (S.A.), Hôpital Robert Debré, Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique; Univ Paris Diderot (S.A.), Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM UMR1141, Paris, France; and Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Australia.
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Samuel F. Berkovic
From the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (S.M.Z., S.A.M., S.M., E.V.G., A.M.P., G.D.J., I.E.S., C.A.R., S. Petrou.); Department of Medicine (RMH) University of Melbourne (S.M.Z., S. Petrovski, M.S.H., J.D., S. Petrou); Department of Medicine (Austin Health) (M.S.H., J.D., S.F.B., I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Heidelberg; Department of Neurology and Epileptology (H.L., Y.G.W.), Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; School of Biosciences (A.M.P.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; APHP (S.A.), Hôpital Robert Debré, Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique; Univ Paris Diderot (S.A.), Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM UMR1141, Paris, France; and Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Australia.
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Ingrid E. Scheffer
From the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (S.M.Z., S.A.M., S.M., E.V.G., A.M.P., G.D.J., I.E.S., C.A.R., S. Petrou.); Department of Medicine (RMH) University of Melbourne (S.M.Z., S. Petrovski, M.S.H., J.D., S. Petrou); Department of Medicine (Austin Health) (M.S.H., J.D., S.F.B., I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Heidelberg; Department of Neurology and Epileptology (H.L., Y.G.W.), Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; School of Biosciences (A.M.P.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; APHP (S.A.), Hôpital Robert Debré, Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique; Univ Paris Diderot (S.A.), Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM UMR1141, Paris, France; and Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Australia.
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Christopher A. Reid
From the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (S.M.Z., S.A.M., S.M., E.V.G., A.M.P., G.D.J., I.E.S., C.A.R., S. Petrou.); Department of Medicine (RMH) University of Melbourne (S.M.Z., S. Petrovski, M.S.H., J.D., S. Petrou); Department of Medicine (Austin Health) (M.S.H., J.D., S.F.B., I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Heidelberg; Department of Neurology and Epileptology (H.L., Y.G.W.), Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; School of Biosciences (A.M.P.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; APHP (S.A.), Hôpital Robert Debré, Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique; Univ Paris Diderot (S.A.), Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM UMR1141, Paris, France; and Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Australia.
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Steven Petrou
From the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (S.M.Z., S.A.M., S.M., E.V.G., A.M.P., G.D.J., I.E.S., C.A.R., S. Petrou.); Department of Medicine (RMH) University of Melbourne (S.M.Z., S. Petrovski, M.S.H., J.D., S. Petrou); Department of Medicine (Austin Health) (M.S.H., J.D., S.F.B., I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Heidelberg; Department of Neurology and Epileptology (H.L., Y.G.W.), Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; School of Biosciences (A.M.P.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; APHP (S.A.), Hôpital Robert Debré, Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique; Univ Paris Diderot (S.A.), Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM UMR1141, Paris, France; and Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Australia.
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Citation
Development of a rapid functional assay that predicts GLUT1 disease severity
Sasha M. Zaman, Saul A. Mullen, Slavé Petrovski, Snezana Maljevic, Elena V. Gazina, A. Marie Phillips, Gabriel Davis Jones, Michael S. Hildebrand, John Damiano, Stéphane Auvin, Holger Lerche, Yvonne G. Weber, Samuel F. Berkovic, Ingrid E. Scheffer, Christopher A. Reid, Steven Petrou
Neurol Genet Dec 2018, 4 (6) e297; DOI: 10.1212/NXG.0000000000000297

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Abstract

Objective To examine the genotype to phenotype connection in glucose transporter type 1 (GLUT1) deficiency and whether a simple functional assay can predict disease outcome from genetic sequence alone.

Methods GLUT1 deficiency, due to mutations in SLC2A1, causes a wide range of epilepsies. One possible mechanism for this is variable impact of mutations on GLUT1 function. To test this, we measured glucose transport by GLUT1 variants identified in population controls and patients with mild to severe epilepsies. Controls were reference sequence from the NCBI and 4 population missense variants chosen from public reference control databases. Nine variants associated with epilepsies or movement disorders, with normal intellect in all individuals, formed the mild group. The severe group included 5 missense variants associated with classical GLUT1 encephalopathy. GLUT1 variants were expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes, and glucose uptake was measured to determine kinetics (Vmax) and affinity (Km).

Results Disease severity inversely correlated with rate of glucose transport between control (Vmax = 28 ± 5), mild (Vmax = 16 ± 3), and severe (Vmax = 3 ± 1) groups, respectively. Affinities of glucose binding in control (Km = 55 ± 18) and mild (Km = 43 ± 10) groups were not significantly different, whereas affinity was indeterminate in the severe group because of low transport rates. Simplified analysis of glucose transport at high concentration (100 mM) was equally effective at separating the groups.

Conclusions Disease severity can be partly explained by the extent of GLUT1 dysfunction. This simple Xenopus oocyte assay complements genetic and clinical assessments. In prenatal diagnosis, this simple oocyte glucose uptake assay could be useful because standard clinical assessments are not available.

Glossary

GLUT1=
glucose transporter type 1

Footnotes

  • ↵* These authors contributed equally.

  • Funding information and disclosures are provided at the end of the article. Full disclosure form information provided by the authors is available with the full text of this article at Neurology.org/NG.

  • The Article Processing Charge was funded by National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC).

  • Received April 3, 2018.
  • Accepted in final form August 9, 2018.
  • Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the American Academy of Neurology.

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License 4.0 (CC BY-NC-ND), which permits downloading and sharing the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially without permission from the journal.

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