Phenytoin is a first-generation antiepileptic drug, which is used in the treatment of focal seizures and as standard of care for patients with benzodiazepine-refractory status epilepticus. Elimination of phenytoin occurs primarily via CYP enzyme–dependent hepatic clearance. The first step is the para-hydroxylation from active phenytoin to inactive hydroxy-phenytoin, which is dependent on CYP2C9 and, to a lesser extent, on CYP2C19. A considerable disparity in CYP2C9 alleles exists, and the frequency varies among different ancestry groups, the CYP2C9*3 allele being less frequent in Caucasians and more frequent in Asian populations.1,2 Homozygosity for the CYP2C9*3 allele leads to a significant reduction in enzyme activity, resulting in increased plasma levels of phenytoin.3
Severe cutaneous adverse drug reactions (SCARs) such as Steven Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis, or drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) are known complications of phenytoin treatment. The pharmacogenetic basis of SCARs due to phenytoin treatment is not yet fully understood. Certain human leukocyte antigen (HLA) subtypes (e.g., HLA-B*13:01, HLA-B*56:02/04) are associated in some Asian populations with an increased risk of developing SCARs, however, the association is less pronounced as compared to carbamazepine.4 In 2014, CYP2C9 polymorphism (CYP2C9*3) was first described as a new and highly significantly associated nonimmunologic genetic risk factor for SCARs in a Japanese population.4
Case report
Here, we report a case of DRESS after IV administered phenytoin in a patient with CYP2C9*3 homozygosity. The 54-year-old, non-consanguineous, female refugee from northern Iran (and born in Pakistan) presented to the neurologic department at the Odense University Hospital (Denmark) with a first-time bilateral tonic-clonic seizure, with subsequent series of focal seizures with impaired consciousness, fulfilling status epilepticus criteria. Treatment with 10 mg of IV diazepam remained ineffective. Fosphenytoin (20 mg phenytoin-equivalents/kg) was administered IV, and the seizures were terminated. As per protocol, the patient received a maintenance dose of phenytoin 100 mg q8h. MRI of the brain revealed sequela after traumatic brain injury in the left frontal lobe as likely epileptic focus; routine blood tests were normal. Two days after admission, the patient developed nystagmus, ataxia, vertigo, nausea, and universal pruritus. Blood tests revealed plasma phenytoin levels equal to phenytoin poisoning. Despite initial reduction and termination of the maintenance dose of phenytoin, plasma levels continued to increase in the following days, reaching a maximum of 142 μM (35.8 μg/mL) 4 days after the first administration. At day 8, the patient developed SCARs that fulfilled the RegiSCAR criteria for DRESS.5 She developed fever (39.5°C), hypotension, acute rash (figure, A), leukocytosis, lever abnormalities (alanine transaminase > 400 U/L), and lymphadenopathy. PET-CT 10 days after the start of symptoms revealed universal lymphadenopathy (figure, B), resembling lymphoma. Liver biopsy showed inflammation compatible with hepatotoxicity. Skin biopsy showed inflammation, but with no significant eosinophilia. The patient's antiepileptic treatment was changed to levetiracetam. After 2 weeks, the symptoms slowly started to remit as the plasma levels of phenytoin normalized, and after 4 weeks, the patient was fully recovered. A control PET-CT was performed 6 weeks after debut of the symptoms to rule out lymphoma; the lymphadenopathy had completely resolved (figure, C). Genetic testing revealed homozygosity for the P450 CYP2C9*3 allele. The HLA types were HLA-A 30:68 and HLA-B 14:15.
(A) The patient developed severe rash on the entire body (image taken at day 24). (B) Universal lymphadenopathy visualized by PET-CT at day 18. (C) PET-CT 1 month after the hospital stay showed complete recovery of lymphadenopathy (58 days after admission).
Discussion
Plasma phenytoin levels are greatly affected by CYP2C9 polymorphisms. It is estimated that roughly 5% of the Scandinavian population are heterozygous for CYP2C9*3 allele;2 however, the prevalence is substantially higher in India and in the Middle East, where up to 16% carry a CYP2C9*3 allele, resulting in a higher proportion of homozygous patients (up to 1.6% in India1). In several Asian4,6 but not in Caucasian7 populations, the CYP2C9*3 allele was associated with SCARs such as DRESS. The ethnic differences may be due to immunologic differences that are also seen in analyses focusing on HLA subtypes associated with SCARs.4,6,7 Our patient's history illustrates the impressive systemic and cutaneous side effects of phenytoin associated with CYP2C9*3 homozygosity in this Asian patient. It stresses the importance of being aware of interracial genetic variability that can result in substantially increased risk of intoxication and greater risk of developing severe side effects such as SCARs. For practical purposes, genetic screening before IV phenytoin treatment is not feasible. Increasing phenytoin plasma concentrations despite dose reductions, as seen in this patient, has to prompt precaution and eventually rapid change of the antiepileptic treatment. In patients with established homozygosity for the P450 CYP2C9*3 allele, phenytoin treatment should be avoided.
Author contributions
M.S. Nissen and C.P. Beier treated the patient and wrote and finally approved the manuscript.
Study funding
The study was supported by the Region of Southern Denmark to C.P.B. (17/18517).
Disclosure
M.S. Nissen reports no disclosures. C.P. Beier served on the scientific advisory boards of UCB and Eisai; received speaker honoraria from UCB and Eisai; and received research support from UCB, Eisai, Novartis, Pfizer, and the Region of Southern Denmark. Full disclosure form information provided by the authors is available with the full text of this article at Neurology.org/NG.
Footnotes
Funding information and disclosures are provided at the end of the article. Full disclosure form information provided by the authors is available with the full text of this article at Neurology.org/NG.
The Article Processing Charge was funded by Free Research Grants, Odense University Hospital.
- Received April 30, 2018.
- Accepted in final form July 26, 2018.
- Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the American Academy of Neurology.
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