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Neurology Genetics
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April 2017; 3 (2) ArticleOpen Access

GNAO1 encephalopathy

Broadening the phenotype and evaluating treatment and outcome

Federica Rachele Danti, Serena Galosi, Marta Romani, Martino Montomoli, Keren J. Carss, F. Lucy Raymond, Elena Parrini, Claudia Bianchini, Tony McShane, Russell C. Dale, Shekeeb S. Mohammad, Ubaid Shah, Neil Mahant, Joanne Ng, Amy McTague, Rajib Samanta, Gayatri Vadlamani, Enza Maria Valente, Vincenzo Leuzzi, Manju A. Kurian, Renzo Guerrini
First published March 21, 2017, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1212/NXG.0000000000000143
Federica Rachele Danti
From the Department of Paediatrics, Child Neurology and Psychiatry (F.R.D., S.G., V.L.), Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; Molecular Neurosciences, Developmental Neurosciences Programme (F.R.D., J.N., A.M., M.A.K.), University College London Institute of Child Health, UK; Department of Neurology (F.R.D., J.N., A.M., M.A.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK; GENOMA Group (M.R.), Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Rome, Italy; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories (M.M., E.P., C.B., R.G.), Neuroscience Department, A Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Italy; Department of Haematology (K.J.C.), University of Cambridge, NHS Blood and Transplant Centre, UK; NIHR Bioresource Rare Diseases (K.J.C., F.L.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (N.M.), Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Childrens Hospital Oxford (T.M.), John Radcliffe Hospital, UK; Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research (R.C.D., S.S.M., U.S.), the Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Medical Genetics (F.L.R.), Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (R.S.), University Hospitals Leicester NHS Trust, UK; Department of Paediatric Neurology (G.V.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, UK; Section of Neurosciences (E.M.V.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Italy; and Neurogenetics Unit (E.M.V.), IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.
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Serena Galosi
From the Department of Paediatrics, Child Neurology and Psychiatry (F.R.D., S.G., V.L.), Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; Molecular Neurosciences, Developmental Neurosciences Programme (F.R.D., J.N., A.M., M.A.K.), University College London Institute of Child Health, UK; Department of Neurology (F.R.D., J.N., A.M., M.A.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK; GENOMA Group (M.R.), Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Rome, Italy; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories (M.M., E.P., C.B., R.G.), Neuroscience Department, A Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Italy; Department of Haematology (K.J.C.), University of Cambridge, NHS Blood and Transplant Centre, UK; NIHR Bioresource Rare Diseases (K.J.C., F.L.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (N.M.), Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Childrens Hospital Oxford (T.M.), John Radcliffe Hospital, UK; Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research (R.C.D., S.S.M., U.S.), the Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Medical Genetics (F.L.R.), Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (R.S.), University Hospitals Leicester NHS Trust, UK; Department of Paediatric Neurology (G.V.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, UK; Section of Neurosciences (E.M.V.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Italy; and Neurogenetics Unit (E.M.V.), IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.
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Marta Romani
From the Department of Paediatrics, Child Neurology and Psychiatry (F.R.D., S.G., V.L.), Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; Molecular Neurosciences, Developmental Neurosciences Programme (F.R.D., J.N., A.M., M.A.K.), University College London Institute of Child Health, UK; Department of Neurology (F.R.D., J.N., A.M., M.A.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK; GENOMA Group (M.R.), Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Rome, Italy; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories (M.M., E.P., C.B., R.G.), Neuroscience Department, A Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Italy; Department of Haematology (K.J.C.), University of Cambridge, NHS Blood and Transplant Centre, UK; NIHR Bioresource Rare Diseases (K.J.C., F.L.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (N.M.), Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Childrens Hospital Oxford (T.M.), John Radcliffe Hospital, UK; Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research (R.C.D., S.S.M., U.S.), the Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Medical Genetics (F.L.R.), Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (R.S.), University Hospitals Leicester NHS Trust, UK; Department of Paediatric Neurology (G.V.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, UK; Section of Neurosciences (E.M.V.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Italy; and Neurogenetics Unit (E.M.V.), IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.
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Martino Montomoli
From the Department of Paediatrics, Child Neurology and Psychiatry (F.R.D., S.G., V.L.), Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; Molecular Neurosciences, Developmental Neurosciences Programme (F.R.D., J.N., A.M., M.A.K.), University College London Institute of Child Health, UK; Department of Neurology (F.R.D., J.N., A.M., M.A.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK; GENOMA Group (M.R.), Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Rome, Italy; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories (M.M., E.P., C.B., R.G.), Neuroscience Department, A Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Italy; Department of Haematology (K.J.C.), University of Cambridge, NHS Blood and Transplant Centre, UK; NIHR Bioresource Rare Diseases (K.J.C., F.L.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (N.M.), Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Childrens Hospital Oxford (T.M.), John Radcliffe Hospital, UK; Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research (R.C.D., S.S.M., U.S.), the Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Medical Genetics (F.L.R.), Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (R.S.), University Hospitals Leicester NHS Trust, UK; Department of Paediatric Neurology (G.V.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, UK; Section of Neurosciences (E.M.V.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Italy; and Neurogenetics Unit (E.M.V.), IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.
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Keren J. Carss
From the Department of Paediatrics, Child Neurology and Psychiatry (F.R.D., S.G., V.L.), Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; Molecular Neurosciences, Developmental Neurosciences Programme (F.R.D., J.N., A.M., M.A.K.), University College London Institute of Child Health, UK; Department of Neurology (F.R.D., J.N., A.M., M.A.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK; GENOMA Group (M.R.), Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Rome, Italy; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories (M.M., E.P., C.B., R.G.), Neuroscience Department, A Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Italy; Department of Haematology (K.J.C.), University of Cambridge, NHS Blood and Transplant Centre, UK; NIHR Bioresource Rare Diseases (K.J.C., F.L.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (N.M.), Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Childrens Hospital Oxford (T.M.), John Radcliffe Hospital, UK; Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research (R.C.D., S.S.M., U.S.), the Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Medical Genetics (F.L.R.), Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (R.S.), University Hospitals Leicester NHS Trust, UK; Department of Paediatric Neurology (G.V.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, UK; Section of Neurosciences (E.M.V.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Italy; and Neurogenetics Unit (E.M.V.), IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.
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F. Lucy Raymond
From the Department of Paediatrics, Child Neurology and Psychiatry (F.R.D., S.G., V.L.), Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; Molecular Neurosciences, Developmental Neurosciences Programme (F.R.D., J.N., A.M., M.A.K.), University College London Institute of Child Health, UK; Department of Neurology (F.R.D., J.N., A.M., M.A.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK; GENOMA Group (M.R.), Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Rome, Italy; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories (M.M., E.P., C.B., R.G.), Neuroscience Department, A Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Italy; Department of Haematology (K.J.C.), University of Cambridge, NHS Blood and Transplant Centre, UK; NIHR Bioresource Rare Diseases (K.J.C., F.L.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (N.M.), Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Childrens Hospital Oxford (T.M.), John Radcliffe Hospital, UK; Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research (R.C.D., S.S.M., U.S.), the Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Medical Genetics (F.L.R.), Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (R.S.), University Hospitals Leicester NHS Trust, UK; Department of Paediatric Neurology (G.V.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, UK; Section of Neurosciences (E.M.V.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Italy; and Neurogenetics Unit (E.M.V.), IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.
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Elena Parrini
From the Department of Paediatrics, Child Neurology and Psychiatry (F.R.D., S.G., V.L.), Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; Molecular Neurosciences, Developmental Neurosciences Programme (F.R.D., J.N., A.M., M.A.K.), University College London Institute of Child Health, UK; Department of Neurology (F.R.D., J.N., A.M., M.A.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK; GENOMA Group (M.R.), Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Rome, Italy; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories (M.M., E.P., C.B., R.G.), Neuroscience Department, A Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Italy; Department of Haematology (K.J.C.), University of Cambridge, NHS Blood and Transplant Centre, UK; NIHR Bioresource Rare Diseases (K.J.C., F.L.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (N.M.), Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Childrens Hospital Oxford (T.M.), John Radcliffe Hospital, UK; Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research (R.C.D., S.S.M., U.S.), the Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Medical Genetics (F.L.R.), Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (R.S.), University Hospitals Leicester NHS Trust, UK; Department of Paediatric Neurology (G.V.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, UK; Section of Neurosciences (E.M.V.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Italy; and Neurogenetics Unit (E.M.V.), IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.
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Claudia Bianchini
From the Department of Paediatrics, Child Neurology and Psychiatry (F.R.D., S.G., V.L.), Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; Molecular Neurosciences, Developmental Neurosciences Programme (F.R.D., J.N., A.M., M.A.K.), University College London Institute of Child Health, UK; Department of Neurology (F.R.D., J.N., A.M., M.A.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK; GENOMA Group (M.R.), Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Rome, Italy; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories (M.M., E.P., C.B., R.G.), Neuroscience Department, A Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Italy; Department of Haematology (K.J.C.), University of Cambridge, NHS Blood and Transplant Centre, UK; NIHR Bioresource Rare Diseases (K.J.C., F.L.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (N.M.), Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Childrens Hospital Oxford (T.M.), John Radcliffe Hospital, UK; Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research (R.C.D., S.S.M., U.S.), the Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Medical Genetics (F.L.R.), Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (R.S.), University Hospitals Leicester NHS Trust, UK; Department of Paediatric Neurology (G.V.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, UK; Section of Neurosciences (E.M.V.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Italy; and Neurogenetics Unit (E.M.V.), IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.
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Tony McShane
From the Department of Paediatrics, Child Neurology and Psychiatry (F.R.D., S.G., V.L.), Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; Molecular Neurosciences, Developmental Neurosciences Programme (F.R.D., J.N., A.M., M.A.K.), University College London Institute of Child Health, UK; Department of Neurology (F.R.D., J.N., A.M., M.A.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK; GENOMA Group (M.R.), Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Rome, Italy; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories (M.M., E.P., C.B., R.G.), Neuroscience Department, A Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Italy; Department of Haematology (K.J.C.), University of Cambridge, NHS Blood and Transplant Centre, UK; NIHR Bioresource Rare Diseases (K.J.C., F.L.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (N.M.), Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Childrens Hospital Oxford (T.M.), John Radcliffe Hospital, UK; Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research (R.C.D., S.S.M., U.S.), the Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Medical Genetics (F.L.R.), Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (R.S.), University Hospitals Leicester NHS Trust, UK; Department of Paediatric Neurology (G.V.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, UK; Section of Neurosciences (E.M.V.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Italy; and Neurogenetics Unit (E.M.V.), IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.
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Russell C. Dale
From the Department of Paediatrics, Child Neurology and Psychiatry (F.R.D., S.G., V.L.), Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; Molecular Neurosciences, Developmental Neurosciences Programme (F.R.D., J.N., A.M., M.A.K.), University College London Institute of Child Health, UK; Department of Neurology (F.R.D., J.N., A.M., M.A.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK; GENOMA Group (M.R.), Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Rome, Italy; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories (M.M., E.P., C.B., R.G.), Neuroscience Department, A Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Italy; Department of Haematology (K.J.C.), University of Cambridge, NHS Blood and Transplant Centre, UK; NIHR Bioresource Rare Diseases (K.J.C., F.L.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (N.M.), Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Childrens Hospital Oxford (T.M.), John Radcliffe Hospital, UK; Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research (R.C.D., S.S.M., U.S.), the Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Medical Genetics (F.L.R.), Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (R.S.), University Hospitals Leicester NHS Trust, UK; Department of Paediatric Neurology (G.V.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, UK; Section of Neurosciences (E.M.V.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Italy; and Neurogenetics Unit (E.M.V.), IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.
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Shekeeb S. Mohammad
From the Department of Paediatrics, Child Neurology and Psychiatry (F.R.D., S.G., V.L.), Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; Molecular Neurosciences, Developmental Neurosciences Programme (F.R.D., J.N., A.M., M.A.K.), University College London Institute of Child Health, UK; Department of Neurology (F.R.D., J.N., A.M., M.A.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK; GENOMA Group (M.R.), Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Rome, Italy; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories (M.M., E.P., C.B., R.G.), Neuroscience Department, A Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Italy; Department of Haematology (K.J.C.), University of Cambridge, NHS Blood and Transplant Centre, UK; NIHR Bioresource Rare Diseases (K.J.C., F.L.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (N.M.), Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Childrens Hospital Oxford (T.M.), John Radcliffe Hospital, UK; Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research (R.C.D., S.S.M., U.S.), the Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Medical Genetics (F.L.R.), Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (R.S.), University Hospitals Leicester NHS Trust, UK; Department of Paediatric Neurology (G.V.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, UK; Section of Neurosciences (E.M.V.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Italy; and Neurogenetics Unit (E.M.V.), IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.
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Ubaid Shah
From the Department of Paediatrics, Child Neurology and Psychiatry (F.R.D., S.G., V.L.), Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; Molecular Neurosciences, Developmental Neurosciences Programme (F.R.D., J.N., A.M., M.A.K.), University College London Institute of Child Health, UK; Department of Neurology (F.R.D., J.N., A.M., M.A.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK; GENOMA Group (M.R.), Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Rome, Italy; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories (M.M., E.P., C.B., R.G.), Neuroscience Department, A Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Italy; Department of Haematology (K.J.C.), University of Cambridge, NHS Blood and Transplant Centre, UK; NIHR Bioresource Rare Diseases (K.J.C., F.L.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (N.M.), Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Childrens Hospital Oxford (T.M.), John Radcliffe Hospital, UK; Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research (R.C.D., S.S.M., U.S.), the Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Medical Genetics (F.L.R.), Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (R.S.), University Hospitals Leicester NHS Trust, UK; Department of Paediatric Neurology (G.V.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, UK; Section of Neurosciences (E.M.V.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Italy; and Neurogenetics Unit (E.M.V.), IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.
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Neil Mahant
From the Department of Paediatrics, Child Neurology and Psychiatry (F.R.D., S.G., V.L.), Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; Molecular Neurosciences, Developmental Neurosciences Programme (F.R.D., J.N., A.M., M.A.K.), University College London Institute of Child Health, UK; Department of Neurology (F.R.D., J.N., A.M., M.A.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK; GENOMA Group (M.R.), Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Rome, Italy; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories (M.M., E.P., C.B., R.G.), Neuroscience Department, A Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Italy; Department of Haematology (K.J.C.), University of Cambridge, NHS Blood and Transplant Centre, UK; NIHR Bioresource Rare Diseases (K.J.C., F.L.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (N.M.), Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Childrens Hospital Oxford (T.M.), John Radcliffe Hospital, UK; Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research (R.C.D., S.S.M., U.S.), the Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Medical Genetics (F.L.R.), Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (R.S.), University Hospitals Leicester NHS Trust, UK; Department of Paediatric Neurology (G.V.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, UK; Section of Neurosciences (E.M.V.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Italy; and Neurogenetics Unit (E.M.V.), IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.
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Joanne Ng
From the Department of Paediatrics, Child Neurology and Psychiatry (F.R.D., S.G., V.L.), Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; Molecular Neurosciences, Developmental Neurosciences Programme (F.R.D., J.N., A.M., M.A.K.), University College London Institute of Child Health, UK; Department of Neurology (F.R.D., J.N., A.M., M.A.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK; GENOMA Group (M.R.), Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Rome, Italy; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories (M.M., E.P., C.B., R.G.), Neuroscience Department, A Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Italy; Department of Haematology (K.J.C.), University of Cambridge, NHS Blood and Transplant Centre, UK; NIHR Bioresource Rare Diseases (K.J.C., F.L.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (N.M.), Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Childrens Hospital Oxford (T.M.), John Radcliffe Hospital, UK; Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research (R.C.D., S.S.M., U.S.), the Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Medical Genetics (F.L.R.), Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (R.S.), University Hospitals Leicester NHS Trust, UK; Department of Paediatric Neurology (G.V.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, UK; Section of Neurosciences (E.M.V.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Italy; and Neurogenetics Unit (E.M.V.), IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.
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Amy McTague
From the Department of Paediatrics, Child Neurology and Psychiatry (F.R.D., S.G., V.L.), Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; Molecular Neurosciences, Developmental Neurosciences Programme (F.R.D., J.N., A.M., M.A.K.), University College London Institute of Child Health, UK; Department of Neurology (F.R.D., J.N., A.M., M.A.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK; GENOMA Group (M.R.), Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Rome, Italy; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories (M.M., E.P., C.B., R.G.), Neuroscience Department, A Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Italy; Department of Haematology (K.J.C.), University of Cambridge, NHS Blood and Transplant Centre, UK; NIHR Bioresource Rare Diseases (K.J.C., F.L.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (N.M.), Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Childrens Hospital Oxford (T.M.), John Radcliffe Hospital, UK; Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research (R.C.D., S.S.M., U.S.), the Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Medical Genetics (F.L.R.), Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (R.S.), University Hospitals Leicester NHS Trust, UK; Department of Paediatric Neurology (G.V.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, UK; Section of Neurosciences (E.M.V.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Italy; and Neurogenetics Unit (E.M.V.), IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.
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Rajib Samanta
From the Department of Paediatrics, Child Neurology and Psychiatry (F.R.D., S.G., V.L.), Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; Molecular Neurosciences, Developmental Neurosciences Programme (F.R.D., J.N., A.M., M.A.K.), University College London Institute of Child Health, UK; Department of Neurology (F.R.D., J.N., A.M., M.A.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK; GENOMA Group (M.R.), Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Rome, Italy; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories (M.M., E.P., C.B., R.G.), Neuroscience Department, A Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Italy; Department of Haematology (K.J.C.), University of Cambridge, NHS Blood and Transplant Centre, UK; NIHR Bioresource Rare Diseases (K.J.C., F.L.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (N.M.), Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Childrens Hospital Oxford (T.M.), John Radcliffe Hospital, UK; Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research (R.C.D., S.S.M., U.S.), the Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Medical Genetics (F.L.R.), Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (R.S.), University Hospitals Leicester NHS Trust, UK; Department of Paediatric Neurology (G.V.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, UK; Section of Neurosciences (E.M.V.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Italy; and Neurogenetics Unit (E.M.V.), IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.
MD
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Gayatri Vadlamani
From the Department of Paediatrics, Child Neurology and Psychiatry (F.R.D., S.G., V.L.), Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; Molecular Neurosciences, Developmental Neurosciences Programme (F.R.D., J.N., A.M., M.A.K.), University College London Institute of Child Health, UK; Department of Neurology (F.R.D., J.N., A.M., M.A.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK; GENOMA Group (M.R.), Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Rome, Italy; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories (M.M., E.P., C.B., R.G.), Neuroscience Department, A Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Italy; Department of Haematology (K.J.C.), University of Cambridge, NHS Blood and Transplant Centre, UK; NIHR Bioresource Rare Diseases (K.J.C., F.L.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (N.M.), Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Childrens Hospital Oxford (T.M.), John Radcliffe Hospital, UK; Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research (R.C.D., S.S.M., U.S.), the Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Medical Genetics (F.L.R.), Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (R.S.), University Hospitals Leicester NHS Trust, UK; Department of Paediatric Neurology (G.V.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, UK; Section of Neurosciences (E.M.V.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Italy; and Neurogenetics Unit (E.M.V.), IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.
MD
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Enza Maria Valente
From the Department of Paediatrics, Child Neurology and Psychiatry (F.R.D., S.G., V.L.), Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; Molecular Neurosciences, Developmental Neurosciences Programme (F.R.D., J.N., A.M., M.A.K.), University College London Institute of Child Health, UK; Department of Neurology (F.R.D., J.N., A.M., M.A.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK; GENOMA Group (M.R.), Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Rome, Italy; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories (M.M., E.P., C.B., R.G.), Neuroscience Department, A Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Italy; Department of Haematology (K.J.C.), University of Cambridge, NHS Blood and Transplant Centre, UK; NIHR Bioresource Rare Diseases (K.J.C., F.L.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (N.M.), Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Childrens Hospital Oxford (T.M.), John Radcliffe Hospital, UK; Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research (R.C.D., S.S.M., U.S.), the Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Medical Genetics (F.L.R.), Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (R.S.), University Hospitals Leicester NHS Trust, UK; Department of Paediatric Neurology (G.V.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, UK; Section of Neurosciences (E.M.V.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Italy; and Neurogenetics Unit (E.M.V.), IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.
MD, PhD
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Vincenzo Leuzzi
From the Department of Paediatrics, Child Neurology and Psychiatry (F.R.D., S.G., V.L.), Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; Molecular Neurosciences, Developmental Neurosciences Programme (F.R.D., J.N., A.M., M.A.K.), University College London Institute of Child Health, UK; Department of Neurology (F.R.D., J.N., A.M., M.A.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK; GENOMA Group (M.R.), Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Rome, Italy; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories (M.M., E.P., C.B., R.G.), Neuroscience Department, A Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Italy; Department of Haematology (K.J.C.), University of Cambridge, NHS Blood and Transplant Centre, UK; NIHR Bioresource Rare Diseases (K.J.C., F.L.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (N.M.), Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Childrens Hospital Oxford (T.M.), John Radcliffe Hospital, UK; Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research (R.C.D., S.S.M., U.S.), the Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Medical Genetics (F.L.R.), Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (R.S.), University Hospitals Leicester NHS Trust, UK; Department of Paediatric Neurology (G.V.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, UK; Section of Neurosciences (E.M.V.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Italy; and Neurogenetics Unit (E.M.V.), IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.
MD, PhD
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Manju A. Kurian
From the Department of Paediatrics, Child Neurology and Psychiatry (F.R.D., S.G., V.L.), Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; Molecular Neurosciences, Developmental Neurosciences Programme (F.R.D., J.N., A.M., M.A.K.), University College London Institute of Child Health, UK; Department of Neurology (F.R.D., J.N., A.M., M.A.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK; GENOMA Group (M.R.), Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Rome, Italy; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories (M.M., E.P., C.B., R.G.), Neuroscience Department, A Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Italy; Department of Haematology (K.J.C.), University of Cambridge, NHS Blood and Transplant Centre, UK; NIHR Bioresource Rare Diseases (K.J.C., F.L.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (N.M.), Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Childrens Hospital Oxford (T.M.), John Radcliffe Hospital, UK; Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research (R.C.D., S.S.M., U.S.), the Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Medical Genetics (F.L.R.), Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (R.S.), University Hospitals Leicester NHS Trust, UK; Department of Paediatric Neurology (G.V.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, UK; Section of Neurosciences (E.M.V.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Italy; and Neurogenetics Unit (E.M.V.), IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.
MD, PhD, MRCPCH
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Renzo Guerrini
From the Department of Paediatrics, Child Neurology and Psychiatry (F.R.D., S.G., V.L.), Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; Molecular Neurosciences, Developmental Neurosciences Programme (F.R.D., J.N., A.M., M.A.K.), University College London Institute of Child Health, UK; Department of Neurology (F.R.D., J.N., A.M., M.A.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK; GENOMA Group (M.R.), Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Rome, Italy; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories (M.M., E.P., C.B., R.G.), Neuroscience Department, A Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Italy; Department of Haematology (K.J.C.), University of Cambridge, NHS Blood and Transplant Centre, UK; NIHR Bioresource Rare Diseases (K.J.C., F.L.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (N.M.), Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Childrens Hospital Oxford (T.M.), John Radcliffe Hospital, UK; Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research (R.C.D., S.S.M., U.S.), the Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Medical Genetics (F.L.R.), Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (R.S.), University Hospitals Leicester NHS Trust, UK; Department of Paediatric Neurology (G.V.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, UK; Section of Neurosciences (E.M.V.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Italy; and Neurogenetics Unit (E.M.V.), IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.
MD, FRCP
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Full PDF
Citation
GNAO1 encephalopathy
Broadening the phenotype and evaluating treatment and outcome
Federica Rachele Danti, Serena Galosi, Marta Romani, Martino Montomoli, Keren J. Carss, F. Lucy Raymond, Elena Parrini, Claudia Bianchini, Tony McShane, Russell C. Dale, Shekeeb S. Mohammad, Ubaid Shah, Neil Mahant, Joanne Ng, Amy McTague, Rajib Samanta, Gayatri Vadlamani, Enza Maria Valente, Vincenzo Leuzzi, Manju A. Kurian, Renzo Guerrini
Neurol Genet Apr 2017, 3 (2) e143; DOI: 10.1212/NXG.0000000000000143

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Article Information

vol. 3 no. 2 e143
DOI: 
https://doi.org/10.1212/NXG.0000000000000143

Published By: 
Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the American Academy of Neurology
Online ISSN: 
2376-7839
History: 
  • Received January 11, 2017
  • Accepted in final form February 13, 2017
  • First Published March 21, 2017.

Copyright & Usage: 
Copyright © 2017 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the American Academy of Neurology This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License 4.0 (CC BY-NC-ND), which permits downloading and sharing the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially without permission from the journal.

Author Disclosures

    1. Federica Rachele Danti, MD,
    2. Serena Galosi, MD,
    3. Marta Romani, PhD,
    4. Martino Montomoli, MD,
    5. Keren J. Carss, PhD‡,
    6. F. Lucy Raymond, PhD‡,
    7. Elena Parrini, PhD,
    8. Claudia Bianchini, BSc,
    9. Tony McShane, MD,
    10. Russell C. Dale, PhD,
    11. Shekeeb S. Mohammad, MD,
    12. Ubaid Shah, MD,
    13. Neil Mahant, FRACP, PhD,
    14. Joanne Ng, MBChB,
    15. Amy McTague, MBChB,
    16. Rajib Samanta, MD,
    17. Gayatri Vadlamani, MD,
    18. Enza Maria Valente, MD, PhD,
    19. Vincenzo Leuzzi, MD, PhD,
    20. Manju A. Kurian, MD, PhD, MRCPCH* and
    21. Renzo Guerrini, MD, FRCP*
  1. Federica Rachele Danti, MD,
  2. Scientific Advisory Boards:
    1. NONE

    Gifts:
    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:
    1. NONE

    Patents:
    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:
    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:
    1. NONE

    Consultancies:
    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:
    1. NONE

    Other Activities:
    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:
    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:
    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:
    1. NONE

  3. Serena Galosi, MD,
  4. Scientific Advisory Boards:
    1. NONE

    Gifts:
    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:
    1. NONE

    Patents:
    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:
    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:
    1. NONE

    Consultancies:
    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:
    1. NONE

    Other Activities:
    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:
    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:
    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:
    1. NONE

  5. Marta Romani, PhD,
  6. Scientific Advisory Boards:
    1. NONE

    Gifts:
    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:
    1. NONE

    Patents:
    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:
    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:
    1. NONE

    Consultancies:
    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:
    1. NONE

    Other Activities:
    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:
    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:
    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:
    1. NONE

  7. Martino Montomoli, MD,
  8. Scientific Advisory Boards:
    1. NONE

    Gifts:
    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:
    1. NONE

    Patents:
    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:
    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:
    1. NONE

    Consultancies:
    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:
    1. NONE

    Other Activities:
    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:
    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:
    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:
    1. NONE

  9. Keren J. Carss, PhD‡,
  10. Scientific Advisory Boards:
    1. NONE

    Gifts:
    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:
    1. NONE

    Patents:
    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:
    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:
    1. NONE

    Consultancies:
    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:
    1. NONE

    Other Activities:
    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:
    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:
    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:
    1. NONE

  11. F. Lucy Raymond, PhD‡,
  12. Scientific Advisory Boards:
    1. NONE

    Gifts:
    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:
    1. NONE

    Patents:
    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:
    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:
    1. NONE

    Consultancies:
    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:
    1. NONE

    Other Activities:
    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:
    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:
    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:
    1. NONE

  13. Elena Parrini, PhD,
  14. Scientific Advisory Boards:
    1. NONE

    Gifts:
    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:
    1. NONE

    Patents:
    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:
    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:
    1. NONE

    Consultancies:
    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:
    1. NONE

    Other Activities:
    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:
    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:
    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:
    1. NONE

  15. Claudia Bianchini, BSc,
  16. Scientific Advisory Boards:
    1. NONE

    Gifts:
    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:
    1. NONE

    Patents:
    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:
    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:
    1. NONE

    Consultancies:
    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:
    1. NONE

    Other Activities:
    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:
    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:
    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:
    1. NONE

  17. Tony McShane, MD,
  18. Scientific Advisory Boards:
    1. NONE

    Gifts:
    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:
    1. NONE

    Patents:
    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:
    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:
    1. NONE

    Consultancies:
    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:
    1. NONE

    Other Activities:
    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:
    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:
    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:
    1. NONE

  19. Russell C. Dale, PhD,
  20. Scientific Advisory Boards:
    1. Queensland Children's Medical Institute Research advisory committee. Not for profit.

    Gifts:
    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
    1. received an honoraria for lecturing from Biogen Idec and Bristol-Myers-Squibb

    Editorial Boards:
    1. Editorial advisory board member of MSARD Editorial board member of Neurology: Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation Editorial board member of European Journal of Paediatric Neurology

    Patents:
    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:
    1. Biogen Idec honoraria in 2008 and Bristol-Myers-Squibb in 2015

    Employment, Commercial Entity:
    1. NONE

    Consultancies:
    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:
    1. NONE

    Other Activities:
    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:
    1. NHMRC national grant in 2011 national grant for encephalitis study NHMRC practitioner fellowship 2014-8 NHMRC project grant 2015

    Research Support, Academic Entities:
    1. Multiple Sclerosis Research Australia 2015

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:
    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:
    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:
    1. NONE

  21. Shekeeb S. Mohammad, MD,
  22. Scientific Advisory Boards:
    1. NONE

    Gifts:
    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
    1. Travel bursary from the Movement disorders society - 2015

    Editorial Boards:
    1. NONE

    Patents:
    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:
    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:
    1. NONE

    Consultancies:
    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:
    1. NONE

    Other Activities:
    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:
    1. Postgraduate scholarship from NHMRC - 2015-16

    Research Support, Academic Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:
    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:
    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:
    1. NONE

  23. Ubaid Shah, MD,
  24. Scientific Advisory Boards:
    1. NONE

    Gifts:
    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:
    1. NONE

    Patents:
    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:
    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:
    1. NONE

    Consultancies:
    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:
    1. NONE

    Other Activities:
    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:
    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:
    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:
    1. NONE

  25. Neil Mahant, FRACP, PhD,
  26. Scientific Advisory Boards:
    1. NONE

    Gifts:
    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:
    1. NONE

    Patents:
    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:
    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:
    1. NONE

    Consultancies:
    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:
    1. NONE

    Other Activities:
    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:
    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:
    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:
    1. NONE

  27. Joanne Ng, MBChB,
  28. Scientific Advisory Boards:
    1. NONE

    Gifts:
    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:
    1. NONE

    Patents:
    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:
    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:
    1. NONE

    Consultancies:
    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:
    1. NONE

    Other Activities:
    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:
    1. MRC Clinical Research training fellowship

    Research Support, Academic Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
    1. Great Ormond Street Hospital Children's Charity Rosetrees Trust

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:
    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:
    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:
    1. NONE

  29. Amy McTague, MBChB,
  30. Scientific Advisory Boards:
    1. NONE

    Gifts:
    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:
    1. NONE

    Patents:
    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:
    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:
    1. NONE

    Consultancies:
    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:
    1. NONE

    Other Activities:
    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:
    1. 1. Medical Research Council, MR/L001497/1, Clinical Research Training Fellowship, 2014.

    Research Support, Academic Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:
    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:
    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:
    1. NONE

  31. Rajib Samanta, MD,
  32. Scientific Advisory Boards:
    1. NONE

    Gifts:
    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:
    1. NONE

    Patents:
    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:
    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:
    1. NONE

    Consultancies:
    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:
    1. NONE

    Other Activities:
    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:
    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:
    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:
    1. NONE

  33. Gayatri Vadlamani, MD,
  34. Scientific Advisory Boards:
    1. NONE

    Gifts:
    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:
    1. NONE

    Patents:
    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:
    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:
    1. NONE

    Consultancies:
    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:
    1. NONE

    Other Activities:
    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:
    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:
    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:
    1. NONE

  35. Enza Maria Valente, MD, PhD,
  36. Scientific Advisory Boards:
    1. NONE

    Gifts:
    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
    1. Teva, honorarium for speaking at a scientific meeting

    Editorial Boards:
    1. Pediatric Research, Genetic Section Editor, 2016

    Patents:
    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:
    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:
    1. NONE

    Consultancies:
    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:
    1. NONE

    Other Activities:
    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:
    1. Italian Ministry of Health, rare disease grant, PI, 2011- 2012 Italian Ministry of Health, grant giovani ricercatori, PI, 2011-2013 Italian Ministry of Health, grant ricerca finalizzata progetti di rete, WP coordinator, 2016-2019 European Community FP7 Program, MEFOPA project, clinical partner, 2009-2013 European Research Council, Starting Grant, PI, 2011-2017 Italian Ministry of University and Research,

    Research Support, Academic Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
    1. Telethon Foundation Italy, GGP10140, PI, 2011-2012 Telethon Foundation Italy, GGP13146, PI, 2013-2016

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:
    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:
    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:
    1. NONE

  37. Vincenzo Leuzzi, MD, PhD,
  38. Scientific Advisory Boards:
    1. NONE

    Gifts:
    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:
    1. NONE

    Patents:
    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:
    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:
    1. NONE

    Consultancies:
    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:
    1. NONE

    Other Activities:
    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:
    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:
    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:
    1. NONE

  39. Manju A. Kurian, MD, PhD, MRCPCH* and
  40. Scientific Advisory Boards:
    1. Honoraria for speaking engagements - 2 Recordati courses

    Gifts:
    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:
    1. NONE

    Patents:
    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:
    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:
    1. NONE

    Consultancies:
    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:
    1. NONE

    Other Activities:
    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:
    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:
    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:
    1. NONE

  41. Renzo Guerrini, MD, FRCP*
  42. Scientific Advisory Boards:
    1. Honoraria for Advisory Board activities and travel related expenses for: (1) Eisai Inc, (2) Novartis, (3) Zogenix.

    Gifts:
    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
    1. (1) EISAI: funding for travel. (2) Novartis funding for travel; (3) UCB: Funding for travel.

    Editorial Boards:
    1. (1) Epilepsia: Associate Editor 2006-2013, (2) Progress in Epileptic Disorders, International Advisory Board, 2007- (3) Neuropediatrics, Editorial Board, 2001-2009 (4) Journal of Child Neurology, Editorial Board, 1995-2010, (5) Seizure, Editorial Board 2005-, (6) BMC Medical Genetics,Editorial Board, 2006-, (7) Topics in Epilepsy, Editorial Board, 2009- (8) Journal of Pediatric Epilepsy, Editorial Board, 2011- (9) Epileptic Disorders,Editorial Board, 1999-2012 (10) European Neurological Journal, Editorial Board, 2010- (11) Neurology, Editorial Board, 2013- (12) Journal of Embryology & Developmental Biology, 2016-

    Patents:
    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:
    1. (1) Epilepsy and Movements disorders, Cambridge University Press, 2002, (2) Aicardi's Epilepsy in Children, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2004, (3) Progress in Epileptic Spasms and West Syndrome, John Libbey Eurotext, 2007, (4) Epilepsy and Migraine, John Libbey Eurotext, 2009, (5) The Causes of Epilepsy, Cambridge University Press, 2011. (6) Dravet syndrome, John Libbey Eurotext, 2011. (7) Epilepsy and epileptic seizures, Oxford University Press, 2012

    Employment, Commercial Entity:
    1. NONE

    Consultancies:
    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:
    1. NONE

    Other Activities:
    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:
    1. (1) EU contract number LSH-CT-2006-2011 037315 (EPICURE) FP6 - LIFESCIHEALTH. Subproject Coordinator (2) Tuscany Region. Research Department. Drug treatment and neuroprotection in hypoxic-ischemic brain injury and neonatal? infantile seizures. 2010-2013. Project Coordinator. (3) EC PROGRAM Rare disease: use of clinical trial simulation for the choice and optimization of study Design: Era-Net. 2011 ? 2014. Unit Coordinator. (4) EC. Genetics of cortical gyral dysgenesis and pathophysiology of tubulin-related malformations of cortical development. EU PROGRAM: E-RARE2. 2012-2014. Unit Coordinator. (5) EC FP7, 2013-2018. DESIRE: Development and Epilepsy - Strategies for Innovative Research to improve diagnosis, prevention and treatment in children with difficult to treat Epilepsy. Grant Agreement 6602531; Project Coordinator, 2013-2018. Italian Ministry of Health and Tuscany Region: An integrated approach to unravel the genetic causes and molecular pathogenesis of epileptogenic focal cortical dysplasia. RF-2013-02355240. 2016-2019. Project Coordinator.

    Research Support, Academic Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
    1. Pisa Foundation. Grant Title: Development of technology for the diagnostic characterisation and post-chemotherapy- radiotherapy monitoring of paediatric brain tumours using ultra high field MRI. 2013-2016. Project Coordinator.

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:
    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:
    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:
    1. NONE

  1. From the Department of Paediatrics, Child Neurology and Psychiatry (F.R.D., S.G., V.L.), Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; Molecular Neurosciences, Developmental Neurosciences Programme (F.R.D., J.N., A.M., M.A.K.), University College London Institute of Child Health, UK; Department of Neurology (F.R.D., J.N., A.M., M.A.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK; GENOMA Group (M.R.), Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Rome, Italy; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories (M.M., E.P., C.B., R.G.), Neuroscience Department, A Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Italy; Department of Haematology (K.J.C.), University of Cambridge, NHS Blood and Transplant Centre, UK; NIHR Bioresource Rare Diseases (K.J.C., F.L.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (N.M.), Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Childrens Hospital Oxford (T.M.), John Radcliffe Hospital, UK; Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research (R.C.D., S.S.M., U.S.), the Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Medical Genetics (F.L.R.), Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (R.S.), University Hospitals Leicester NHS Trust, UK; Department of Paediatric Neurology (G.V.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, UK; Section of Neurosciences (E.M.V.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Italy; and Neurogenetics Unit (E.M.V.), IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.
  1. Correspondence to Dr. Guerrini: r.guerrini{at}meyer.it
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