Progressive myoclonus epilepsy associated with SACS gene mutations

Case reports.

Patient 1 is a 25-year-old woman from Canada, and patient 2 is a 36-year-old woman from Italy. Key clinical features of these 2 patients are summarized in table e-1 at Neurology.org/ng.

Patient 1 started walking at 18 months of age and had mild learning difficulties. Multifocal myoclonus began at the age of 13 years and progressively worsened throughout her life. Her first generalized tonic-clonic seizure (GTCS) occurred at age 15 years; valproate therapy resulted in good control for 3 years. Subsequently, she developed additional seizure types, sometimes elicited by photic stimuli, which became refractory to multiple antiepileptic drugs—lamotrigine, acetazolamide, levetiracetam, primidone, topiramate, clobazam, and clonazepam—as well as ketogenic diet. Her cognition progressively deteriorated. In addition, she had pyramidal signs, cerebellar ataxia, and 2 self-limiting episodes of visual hallucinations. Currently, at the age of 25 years, she has approximately 1 GTCS per month and persistent multifocal myoclonus, spontaneous and stimulus-induced. She uses a wheelchair because of ataxia and myoclonus.

Patient 2 started walking at 25 months of age and had mild learning disability. Absence seizures began, often in clusters and associated with an atonic component, at the age of 3 years. She had multifocal myoclonus from the age of 14 years. The myoclonus progressively worsened over the years, as did her cognition. In addition, she had pyramidal signs, cerebellar ataxia, and minor behavioral problems. Currently, at the age of 36 years, she continues to have absence seizures and myoclonus despite treatment with valproate, piracetam, and levetiracetam. She has difficulty ambulating (because of ataxia and myoclonus), but can walk unassisted.

Both patients underwent repeated brain MRIs, which showed mild cerebral and moderate cerebellar and brainstem atrophy (figure, A). Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (not shown) was normal. Furthermore, in both patients, at the last follow-up, EEG studies showed slow background activity (5 Hz) and diffuse spikes and waves (SW). Patient 2 had abnormally increased somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) and enhanced long-loop reflexes (figure, B); investigation with SEPs was not performed in patient 1. Repeated EEG polygraphies performed in patient 2 documented the presence of spontaneous myoclonus associated with irregular SW discharge and of movement-activated myoclonus (figure, C). Moreover, patient 2 showed SW discharges induced by eye closure and a photoparoxysmal response to 10–20 Hz (figure, D).

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Figure. Investigations of the reported patients

(A) Axial and sagittal sections of 3 T brain MRI performed in patient 1 showing diffuse brain atrophy, pronounced infratentorially and involving the corpus callosum. (B) Somatosensory evoked potentials performed in patient 2 (35 years) showing enlarged P25-N33 component (upper trace); long-loop reflex (bottom trace; latency 45 ms) was also enhanced. (C) EEG polygraphy in patient 2 (23 years) showing irregular spike-and-wave discharge associated with spontaneous myoclonus (left part of the traces) and action myoclonus elicited by the extension of both hands (right part). (D) Photoparoxysmal response at 10-Hz photic stimulation (patient 2, 13 years).

Investigations aiming to determine the etiology of PMEs included skin and muscle biopsies, biochemical testing, and genetic sequencing of genes known to cause PMEs. All were negative.

Our patients finally underwent whole-exome sequencing within a cohort of 84 unrelated PME patients,² which revealed compound heterozygous missense variants (in trans) in the SACS gene (NM_014363.5). Both patients had c.8393C>A (p.Pro2798Gln)—a mutation previously reported in homozygosity in ARSACS.³ Patient 1 also had c.1373C>T (p.Thr458Ile)—a mutation previously reported in compound heterozygosity or in homozygosity in 2 patients with atypical ARSACS (late-onset ataxia in both, absence of pyramidal features and polyneuropathy in one).¹ Patient 2 had a novel c.2996T>C (p.Ile999Thr). All 3 mutations were assigned as likely pathogenic.²

Discussion.

After the original identification of genetic defects leading to ARSACS,³ subsequent reports described subjects with atypical features, which include delayed onset, unexpectedly mild ataxia or mild pyramidal signs, and absence of peripheral neuropathy.^1,4 However, myoclonus was reported only once⁵ and seizures (not further classified) were rarely noted.^5,–,7

Our patients showed obvious signs of cortical hyperexcitability, including myoclonus and seizures, in addition to the ARSACS features of pyramidal abnormalities and ataxia. Although these cases could be considered “atypical ARSACS,” the progressively worsening seizures and myoclonus, as well as the enlarged SEPs, enhanced long-loop reflexes, and mild photosensitivity (in addition to ataxia), are typical of PMEs (table e-2). Therefore, our patients were clinically diagnosed with PME and investigated for mutations in PME-associated genes—but none was found. It was only through whole-exome sequencing of a large cohort of PME cases without etiology that mutations in the SACS gene were identified. This report describes the clinical features of PMEs caused by SACS gene variants and suggests the inclusion of SACS screening in the investigation of PMEs.